иԇ_ڼźܶĿѽ(jng){(dio)ѠB(ti)@ζf¾;߂䌍(sh)߀кܶP(gun)и俼ɆСи俼}ṩҿԇ
1иxҪxȫĆ?
ETSƬThe Life of An ItemV҂һx(xing)O(sh)Ӌ(j)ֹ“__ģe`e`”߀Ҫ_“all the passage is covered by items”xxȫΰÿһx(xing)?
2W(xu)g(sh)(qing)иɿ?
иԇxӢZZԜyԇ(yng)ԓעڜyԇW(xu)“Z”쿼“W(xu)g(sh)֪R”ԓ}ETSаl(f)(jng)F.RobinشfиҲCriterion-Referenced|(zh)@ɱʹÌW(xu)g(sh)õČW(xu)ڿԇռЃ(yu)
3P(gun)Iʲô?
ETSuB.SuomiŮʿ˼Ļشdeveloping your ideaҲLJ@^c(din)(})M(jn)жչ_(dng)Ȼǰǵ^c(din)_ӢZ
4ʲôǿԇеy}?
ETSuB.SuomiŮʿJ(rn)A difficult item requires sophisticated reasoning or understanding of a high level concept not because it tests obscure or esoteric matter
5ܲx?
“иxµLȱc}Ŀ(sh)ƥ”@x}ĿO(sh)Ӌ(j)ԭtˣ“xoUԒ”mETSxԇҪˈDxҪ܉xȫIJ}P(gun)ϢЩͬW(xu)f“MxǴ_(sh)xôk?“ ETSB.SuomiŮʿĽhȻŬx£keep reading keep practicing
6?jn)?sh)Ҫ?
ETSuJ.Bardشǿ϶ġx}Ҳܿ錑ǿ鲻productivityֻʹ^}ʽܿW(xu)λr(sh)g(ni)Įa(chn)@ҲZҪwF(xin)|(zh)?jn)?sh)ͬҪZͬ
SadekŮʿf?jn)?sh)ԽeĿԾԽŶ!(d)300DZ^ǡ(dng)?sh)ģһƪ²ڌ˶չ_ՓC}Ŀ(Topic development is the most important issue here) ͬr(sh)еfNo memorized language! ҪģŶ!
7(f)h۷ֆ?
ETSŮ醾팣Kimfǵ(f)hǞ醾Ĺƽ(f)hĴ}oµϼ醾ģõijɿпܸڵڻԭгɿXؔ(ci)һ(zi)(f)hL(fng)U(xin)X֔(jn)
8ܶͬW(xu)˛_ķ^ƫ}y}ό?
Ҫ^(q)eETS}Federic Robin_fIf we intend for an item to be difficult we make certain that it is difficult because it requires sophisticated reasoning or understanding of a high-level concept not because it tests obscure or esoteric matterҲf@y}߉(f)s߸(zhn)@ǿԽܵr;@Щy}?yn)?ni)ݻޝWҊô@N}һ҂ҪԵIJ
9ɷ(j)^ؼų“O~R”x(xing)?
ԣ?yn)ٷڳ}ĕr(sh)ѽ(jng)x@Щ~oYxFederekf“Distracters(wrong options) should not include specific determiners(“always”/“never”)”
10ÿһx}?
x}ĵһxǽ^܃HHMڵһһҪŪÿ_x(xing)_ԭͬr(sh)ÿһe`x(xing)e`ԭETS}AshmoreV҂}ĕr(sh)@ôģᘌÿһ}һҪѴ𰸵ԭضx_
Articulate why each distracter(wrong option) is wrong
Consider whether you could defend the key(right option) to an examinee
11(x)(ji)}DzһҪļ(x)(ji)?
Щ߅߅߅ǵļ(x)(ji)ɲܕ?
ETSنTJefffÿһ}ĿO(sh)Ӌ(j)ĕr(sh)}߶ԼDoes the item measure something worth measuring or is it trivial and unimportant?O(sh)Ӌ(j)F(tun)(du)ЎׂɆTxtĕ@}Ŀڳ}ĕr(sh)ҲO_x(xing)?yn)length complexityor diction stand out
12Z@NsubjectiveĿԇƽ?
aÿһZresponseǶһrater((sh)ETSvf17350raters)ĵDZSC(j)ķֽoͬraters@ӾͿԴpͬһrater(yn)ɶӰijһ˵ķ?jn)?sh)M(jn)Cƽ
bZģǴ_еġv˷һοпZdz(bio)(zhn)ҲdzǾ܇AԒmڶ}ĿĴ]Ќ(sh)|(zh)(ni)ıٽo˺ܵ͵ķ?jn)?sh)
13Zԇе¼?
ٸV҂ஔ(dng)test takersڿZԇĕr(sh)fI hate ETS.You make my life miserable.I am so mad about you (dng)ж@ӵtest takersr(sh)ٟoεЦЦfmore than you could expect