2016小學語文二年級下冊期中考試試卷

Each week on NBC, Howie Mandel asks his game show contestants the same question: “Deal or No Deal?” We sit there anticipating their answer, knowing that many of these contestants will say “no deal” and risk losing the mysterious banker’s most recent offer.

Many of these contestants say “no deal” once too often and end up settling for a sum significantly less than the banker’s last offer. Each of these contestants came to the show with the same goal of going home with the big money. Instead, they go home with significantly less than they expected.

Why do these contestants behave in such a way? The answer is that they do not have a plan, which includes a range of acceptable dollar amounts, to help them evaluate the banker’s offer.

The same is true in many business negotiations. Sometimes, experienced negotiators fall into one or more traps that are set by their opponent in the negotiation. These contestants have fallen into the “anchor trap” that was set by Mandel. Many times, Mandel states to the contestant that they have a chance to win $1 million dollars. As the game progresses he continually reminds them that the large amounts are still in play. His approach traps them and they forget their initial goal and increase their commitment to the game. This behavior parallels many business negotiations when the negotiator loses sight of their goal and pushes the negotiation too far and loses the opportunity to achieve their initial goal.

So, how do you prevent yourself from being trapped in a negotiation? The answer is quite simple: Have a plan. In a previous column, I mentioned that a successful negotiation is 80 percent preparation and 20 percent execution. It is the type of planning that is key to avoiding any of the traps that can be set in a negotiation.

Prior to entering into a negotiation, you must identify your interests and those of your opponent. You also need to have clear criteria to measure the legitimacy of options posed by either party. In addition, you should have a range of acceptable options. These options are the building blocks of your ZOPA (Zone of Potential Agreement) and provide the boundaries for your decision-making process. You need to isolate your BATNAS (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) and especially your WATNA (Worst Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement). These will provide the high and low values and help you maintain your focus during the negotiation.

Let’s apply this strategy to the game show. Imagine a contestant who arrives at the show with a plan and a range of acceptable dollar amounts that would permit her to say “deal” and accept the banker’s offer. When she receives an offer that is in her ZOPA, especially in her “acceptable” range, she can say yes and know that she is not being trapped. She will not be temped to continue a quest that is mathematically against her. The odds are with the banker and not with the contestant, so why tempt fate?

The same holds true for a business negotiation. We many times push past our goal believing that we could achieve more. But then we find ourselves backed into a corner and accept an offer significantly less than the original goal. We get trapped into thinking we can get more and go right past the goals we set out and that were acceptable to our constituents.

These situations have been addressed by Manie Spoelstra in an article titled “Negotiation Traps,” which was published at Mediate.com. The author suggests the following strategies to reduce the impact of the anchor trap:

•    Consciously resist the tendency to be imprisoned by the first line of thought that comes to mind.

•    Keep your mind open long enough to admit new information and opinions than can broaden their frame of reference and generate new solutions.

•    Spend sufficient time thinking about all facets of a problem before entering a negotiation in which the other party introduces its ideas.

•    Always look for opportunities to use anchors to their your own advantage.

So what do we learn from the behaviors of these contestants?

•    You could avoid the traps set for you by an opponent by having a clear understanding of the value of your potential deal.

•    Just like the contestants who look for support from the audience and their families for their decision, you need to get support from your constituents and your management on what options are acceptable prior to entering into the negotiation.

•    You want to be prepared to make the decision on which option to accept and not rely solely on someone else’s opinion.

•    You need to keep your mind open and be able to recognize when the odds begin to shift against you as the negotiation progresses. Don’t fall into the same trap that the contestants do, having anchored in your mind that you are there to win, not to achieve the best deal available and avoid the disappointment of achieving nothing at all.

Applying these strategies to your next negotiation will assist you in avoiding being trapped in a bad deal. Remember, one option that is always open to you is to say “no deal” and walk away. A bad deal has no value for either you or your company.

Cary Silverstein, MBA, is the president and chief executive officer of Fox Point-based Strategic Management Associates LLC. He can be reached at (414) 352-5140 or via e-mail at sbtcompanydoctor@aol.com.

【小學語文二年級下冊期中考試試卷】相關(guān)文章：

小學二年級語文下冊期中考試試卷03-06

小學二年級語文下冊期中考試卷201603-21

小學語文二年級下冊期中考試試卷201603-03

二年級語文下冊期中考試試卷04-14

二年級下冊語文期中考試卷02-04

小學二年級下冊語文期中試卷01-24

小學二年級語文下冊期中試卷04-04

最新二年級語文下冊期中考試卷04-14

二年級語文下冊期中考試卷201704-22