分析結(jié)構(gòu) 上下結(jié)合 判斷時態(tài)
高考英語動詞時態(tài)的判斷年年都考,許多同學(xué)總是判斷不準(zhǔn)確,每次都出錯。英語句子表達(dá)動作發(fā)生的時間或狀態(tài)非常詳細(xì),在這一點(diǎn)上,漢語句子就相形見絀。這一點(diǎn)也是我們中國學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語時覺得困難的原因。其實(shí),在做時態(tài)判斷時,只要依據(jù)英語時態(tài)定義,根據(jù)動作發(fā)生的時間,把握上下文,結(jié)合句中時間狀語的提示,仔細(xì)分析比照,就能準(zhǔn)確判斷出該句的時態(tài)。經(jīng)?级医(jīng)常用的時態(tài)有一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、過去進(jìn)行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、一般將來時、過去將來時、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時等,F(xiàn)將這幾種時態(tài)的定義、結(jié)構(gòu)和判斷方法加以區(qū)別和總結(jié)。
一、 一般現(xiàn)在時
謂語的結(jié)構(gòu)是:主語是單數(shù)第三人稱、不可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)意義的其它名詞性短語時,謂語動詞用單三形式(即實(shí)意動詞加s或es,系動詞be用is);主語是其它形式時,謂語動詞用原形。否定形式:實(shí)意動詞在謂語動詞前加助動詞do或does的否定形式,即don`t / doesn`t;系動詞則直接在其后加否定副詞not。
⒈ 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作、存在的狀態(tài)或習(xí)慣性動作。常用的時間狀語有:sometimes, at times, always, usually, often, seldom, every +時間名詞, in the morning, on Monday等。如:
He often gets up late in the morning.
⒉ 表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理。如:
The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.
⒊ 表示按計(jì)劃或時刻表將要進(jìn)行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。如:
The plane leaves at 8:00 in the morning. But it often delays because of sandstorms.
此類句子常用be, leave, come, arrive, start, begin, go, reach, return, meet, end, stay等動詞。
⒋ 用在含有時間和條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句中:主句和從句都表示將來動作時,主句用將來時,從句常用一般現(xiàn)在時(或現(xiàn)在完成時)表示將來。如:
I will tell him if I see him.
⒌ 在含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句中,當(dāng)賓語從句表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是客觀真理時,從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。如:
He knew from an early age that apples fall down to the earth, but he did not know why.
二、 一般過去式
謂語結(jié)構(gòu)為:1. 實(shí)意動詞用其過去式。2. 系動詞be,當(dāng)主語是單數(shù)第三人稱或單數(shù)第一人稱以及不可數(shù)名詞時用was,其它主語用were。3. 當(dāng)表示“過去經(jīng)常”時,用“used to+動詞原形”或“would+動詞原形”。否定形式:1. 實(shí)意動詞在其前加助動詞did not。2. 系動詞在其后加not。3. would 后加not;used to的否定形式有兩種:did not use to或used not to。
1. 表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用的時間狀語有:yesterday, just now, 一段時間加 ago, last加時間名詞, in 1990, this morning, when以及其它連接詞引導(dǎo)的(表示過去動作的)時間狀語(或從句)。如:
It rained heavily yesterday.
The story happened in the autumn in 2000.
2. 表示過去某一段時間內(nèi)經(jīng);蚍磸(fù)發(fā)生的動作,可與often, usually, seldom等頻度副詞連用,或用used to+動詞原形或 would+動詞原形。如:
Mr. Li often went to the cinema.
He used to smoke a lot, but now he does not.
3. 在含有時間或條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句中,主從句都表示過去將來動作時,從句常用一般過去時表示將來。如:
They said that they would not leave until she came back.
4. 用在一些含有虛擬語氣的固定句型中。
(1)It is (high) time (that) sb did sth.如:
It is high time you went to school (or you should go to school).
(2)wish 后接賓語從句中,與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,謂語動詞用were或過去式(與過去事實(shí)相反,謂語動詞用“had+過去分詞”;與將來事實(shí)相反,謂語動詞用“would/ could/ might+動詞原形”)。如:
I wish that I were a bird.
She wishes that she had a brother.
(3)If only sb did sth.如:
If only I had a better memory.
(4)含有條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句中,與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦?shí)相反時,從句謂語動詞(可)用一般過去式,主句謂語動詞用“would / could / should / might +動詞原形”。 如:
If I were you, I would say sorry to her at once.
If he had time, he should attend your party.
三、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
謂語結(jié)構(gòu):助動詞am / is / are +動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。否定形式:在助動詞后加not。
1. 表示此時此刻正在進(jìn)行的動作。常含有時間狀語now,或有上文提示,如“Look!” “Listen!”等。如:
Look! Some old men are chatting under the tree.
2. 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作(盡管此時此刻該動作并未進(jìn)行)。如:
How are you getting on with your work these days?
3. 一些表示移動性動詞如go, come, leave, arrive, return, start, fly, have, stay等可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)代替一般將來時,表示按計(jì)劃或安排最近要進(jìn)行的動作。如:
He is flying to Shanghai tomorrow.
4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時與always, constantly, all the time, forever等連用,表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性動作,表達(dá)說話者不滿、討厭、遺憾或驚訝等情緒。如:
He is thinking of himself all the time.
The girl is always smiling happily.
四、過去進(jìn)行時
謂語結(jié)構(gòu):助動詞was / were + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。否定形式:在助動詞后加not。
1. 表示過去某一時刻正在進(jìn)行或某一段時間內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行的動作。這一特定的過去時間由時間狀語this time yesterday / last night / all day yesterday等提示。如:
What was she doing this time last week?
這一過去的時間也可由上下文提示。如:
—Ouch! You hurt me!
—Sorry! I did not mean it. I was catching the cat.
2. 含有時間狀語從句的復(fù)合句中提示動作正在進(jìn)行。在復(fù)合句中,延續(xù)時間較長的動作用過去進(jìn)行時,另一動作用一般過去時;如果兩個延續(xù)性動作在過去某一時刻同時進(jìn)行,而不考慮動作的先后長短,那么主從句的謂語動詞都用過去進(jìn)行時。如:
I was walking in the street when an accident happened.
He was watching TV in the sitting-room while his mother was cooking in the kitchen.
3. 表示過去反復(fù)或經(jīng)常性動作,常與always, constantly, forever等副詞連用,表達(dá)說話者不滿、厭煩、驚訝等情緒。
如:
She was always complaining about something. 五、現(xiàn)在完成時
謂語結(jié)構(gòu):助動詞have / has +動詞的過去分詞。否定形式:在助動詞后加not。
1. 表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。謂語動詞常為非延續(xù)性動詞如buy, borrow, come, leave, give, go, start, lend, see, tell, read, visit, say, ask, finish, arrive, get等,句中常用副詞already, ever, once, just, never, yet, twice等。如:
He has already bought a lot of fresh vegetables for the Spring Festival.
They have not arrived in Shanghai yet.
因?yàn)榇祟悇釉~不延續(xù),所以肯定句中不能用for或since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語。例如:要表達(dá)“我借錢給你已經(jīng)兩年了”,可轉(zhuǎn)換為:“You have kept my money for two years.”否定句不受限制,如:I have not seen you for ages / since we met last time.
2. 表示從過去某時開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。用延續(xù)性動詞如be, stay, work, study, live, stand, sit, lie, exist, keep, have等,常用表示一段時間的時間狀語,如:for a long time, since last year, in the last ten years, during the past thirty years等,以及表示到目前為止的時間狀語,如:so far, till now, up to now, by now等。如:
There have been great changes in China since 1980.
Up to now,the program have saved thousands of children who would otherwise have died.(NMET 2010 山東)
3. have / has been表示“曾到過”,說明以往的經(jīng)歷,常與副詞once, twice, ever等連用。而have / has gone則表示“已去了”,說明主語不在現(xiàn)場。如:
They have been to China twice.
They have gone to Shanghai. They are not here now.
4. 用于句型It is the first / second /…time (that) sb have done sth.如:
It is the first time I have climbed Mount Tai.
六、過去完成時
謂語結(jié)構(gòu):助動詞had+ 動詞的過去分詞。否定式:在had后加not。
1. 表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動作。這一過去的時間常由by then, before+過去的時間名詞或由when, before, after, until等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句表現(xiàn)。如:
They had finished the project by the end of last month.
When I got there, the plane had taken off.
It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me. (NMET2010北京)
2. 表示由過去某一時間開始,延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)。如:
The Whites had stayed in China for three years by then.
3. 用在表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句中,結(jié)構(gòu)為:If … had done…, …should / would / could / might have done…如:
If he had followed my advice, he would not have lost his job. (NMET2010湖南)
4. 用在句型It was the first / second / …last time that …h(huán)ad done…中。如:
It was the last time they had met.
七、一般將來時
謂語結(jié)構(gòu):1. will / shall+ 動詞原形;2. am / is / are going to+ 動詞原形;3. am / is / are+ about to +動詞原形;4. be to do.
1. “will+ 動詞原形”常表示單純的將來,用表示將來的時間狀語如tomorrow, next+ 時間名詞等。主語為第一人稱的陳述句常表達(dá)主語的決心或意愿,疑問句中用shall表示詢問或征求意見。而shall用于主語為第二、三人稱的陳述句表示允諾或威脅。如:
They will come to China next month.
Shall I leave now?
You shall have the job.
He shall go to prison.
2. “be going to”:人用作主語表示打算做某事;物用作主語表示有跡象將要發(fā)生什么。如:
We are going to have a meeting and discuss it.
Look. It is going to rain.
3. “be about to+ 動詞原形”:表示即將發(fā)生什么事,不跟將來的具體的時間狀語。如:
The train is about to leave. Hurry up.
4. be to do:(某人)按計(jì)劃、安排要做某事,或注定要發(fā)生某事。如:
We are to meet at the school gate tomorrow.
5. 含有時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句時態(tài)搭配看“一般現(xiàn)在時”;移動性動詞的一般將來時看“現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時”。
八、過去將來時
謂語結(jié)構(gòu):1. should / would+ 動詞原形;2. was / were going to+ 動詞原形;3. was / were about to+ 動詞原形;4. was / were to+ 動詞原形
1. should / would+ 動詞原形:表示從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生某事。主語為第一人稱時用should或would,其余都用would。常用在賓語從句中。如:
He said he would go to Beijing the next week.
2. was / were going to+ 動詞原形:打算做某事,或有跡象要發(fā)生。如:
When he got there, he found that the bridge was going to fall.
3. was / were about to do:即將發(fā)生,常構(gòu)成句型:…was / were about to do…when…did…如:
Tom was about to close the window when his attention was caught by a bird.(NMET全國Ⅱ)
4. was / were to do:按計(jì)劃發(fā)生,或注定要發(fā)生。如:
The headmaster said they were to start at 7 in the morning.
九、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時
謂語結(jié)構(gòu):have / has been+ 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。句中常用for或since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時間的狀語。如:
They have been playing football in the rain for an hour.
I have been waiting for you the whole morning.
在做時態(tài)判斷題時,既要注意句中的時間狀語,又要從全句或上下文考慮,還要結(jié)合所給的答案選項(xiàng)分析,“審時度勢,穩(wěn)定全局”,才能得出恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢。多做多練,就會達(dá)到熟能生巧,得心應(yīng)手,快速準(zhǔn)確地做出答案。
【分析結(jié)構(gòu) 上下結(jié)合 判斷時態(tài)】相關(guān)文章:
判斷串、并聯(lián)電路的教學(xué)與分析10-02
基于鏈接結(jié)構(gòu)理論的句群結(jié)構(gòu)類型的分析07-01
城市社區(qū)組織結(jié)構(gòu)分析探索07-27
邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)分析參考文獻(xiàn)09-01
優(yōu)化農(nóng)機(jī)裝備結(jié)構(gòu)的策略分析論文08-02
- 相關(guān)推薦